10kV電力電纜常見故障及原因分析

1、江西電纜的故障類型

電力(li)(li)電纜(lan)(lan)故障可概括為接(jie)地電力(li)(li)電纜(lan)(lan)故障、短路電力(li)(li)電纜(lan)(lan)故障、斷線電力(li)(li)電纜(lan)(lan)故障三大類(lei)，其(qi)電力(li)(li)電纜(lan)(lan)故障類(lei)型主要有以下幾方面：

（1）電力電纜閃絡故障。

高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜在低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時處于良好的絕(jue)緣(yuan)狀態，不會(hui)存在故障(zhang)。可只要(yao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值升(sheng)高到一定(ding)范圍，或者一段時間(jian)后(hou)某一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)持(chi)續升(sheng)高，那(nei)么就(jiu)會(hui)瞬間(jian)擊穿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜絕(jue)緣(yuan)體，造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜閃絡故障(zhang)。

（2）電力電纜一(yi)相芯線(xian)斷線(xian)或多(duo)相斷線(xian)。

在高壓(ya)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜導體連(lian)續(xu)試驗中，高壓(ya)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜的(de)各個導體的(de)絕緣電(dian)阻與相關規定相符，但是在檢查(cha)中發現有一(yi)相或者多相不能連(lian)續(xu)，那么(me)就說明電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜一(yi)相芯線(xian)斷線(xian)或者多相斷線(xian)。

（3）電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜三芯電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜一芯或兩芯接地。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜三(san)芯(xin)(xin)一(yi)芯(xin)(xin)或者兩(liang)芯(xin)(xin)導體(ti)用絕(jue)緣搖(yao)表測試出不連(lian)續(xu)，然后又進行(xing)一(yi)芯(xin)(xin)或者兩(liang)芯(xin)(xin)對地(di)(di)絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻遙測。如果(guo)芯(xin)(xin)和芯(xin)(xin)之間存在著比正常值(zhi)低許多的絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，這種絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻值(zhi)高(gao)于1000歐姆(mu)就被稱之為高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻接地(di)(di)故(gu)障(zhang)；反之，就是低電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻接地(di)(di)故(gu)障(zhang)。這兩(liang)張故(gu)障(zhang)都稱為電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜斷線并接地(di)(di)故(gu)障(zhang)。

（4）電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)三(san)相芯(xin)線(xian)短路。

短(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)時接(jie)地電阻(zu)(zu)大小(xiao)是電力電纜(lan)的(de)三(san)相芯(xin)線短(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)故障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)判斷的(de)依(yi)據。短(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)故障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)有(you)兩(liang)種：低(di)阻(zu)(zu)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)故障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)、高(gao)阻(zu)(zu)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)故障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。當(dang)電力電纜(lan)三(san)相芯(xin)線短(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)時，低(di)于1000歐姆的(de)接(jie)地電阻(zu)(zu)是低(di)阻(zu)(zu)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)故障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)，相反則是高(gao)阻(zu)(zu)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)故障(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)。

2、電力電纜故障原因分析(xi)

高壓電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜故障(zhang)的較直接原(yuan)因就是絕(jue)緣(yuan)降低(di)而被(bei)擊穿(chuan)，歸(gui)納起來主要有以下幾種情況：

（1）電力電纜被外力損(sun)壞。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故障中外(wai)力(li)(li)損(sun)(sun)壞是較為(wei)(wei)常見的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)故障原因。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)遭外(wai)力(li)(li)損(sun)(sun)壞以后會出現大(da)面積的停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事故。例如地下管線施工過程中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)因為(wei)(wei)施工機械牽引力(li)(li)太大(da)而被拉斷；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)絕緣(yuan)層(ceng)、屏蔽層(ceng)因電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)過度彎曲而損(sun)(sun)壞；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)切剝時過度切割(ge)和刀痕太深。這些直(zhi)接的外(wai)力(li)(li)因素都會對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)造(zao)成一定的損(sun)(sun)壞。

（2）電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)絕(jue)緣受潮。

電(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)纜(lan)制造生產工藝不精(jing)會導致電(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)纜(lan)的保護(hu)層破裂；電(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)纜(lan)終端接頭(tou)密封(feng)性不夠；電(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)纜(lan)保護(hu)套在電(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)纜(lan)使用中被物(wu)體刺穿或者遭受腐蝕。這些是電(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)纜(lan)絕(jue)緣受潮的主要原因。此時，絕(jue)緣電(dian)阻降低，電(dian)流(liu)增大，引發(fa)電(dian)力(li)(li)故障問題(ti)。

（3）電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜被化學腐蝕。

長(chang)期(qi)的(de)電(dian)流(liu)作(zuo)用會(hui)讓電(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)纜(lan)絕(jue)緣(yuan)產生(sheng)大量的(de)熱量。如(ru)果(guo)電(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)纜(lan)絕(jue)緣(yuan)工作(zuo)長(chang)期(qi)處于(yu)不良化學環境中就會(hui)改變它的(de)物(wu)理性能，使電(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)纜(lan)絕(jue)緣(yuan)老化甚至失去效果(guo)，電(dian)力(li)(li)故障會(hui)由(you)此(ci)產生(sheng)。

（4）電力電纜長期過負荷(he)運行。

電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)長時(shi)間處于高電(dian)(dian)流運(yun)行環境中(zhong)，如(ru)果(guo)線(xian)路絕緣層里有雜(za)質或者老化，加上諸如(ru)雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)之類(lei)的(de)外因(yin)對過電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)沖擊，超(chao)負荷(he)運(yun)作產生(sheng)大量的(de)熱量，較易出現(xian)電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)故障。

（5）電力(li)電纜及電力(li)電纜附件質量。

江西電纜及相(xiang)關(guan)附件是兩種重要的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)材(cai)料，其質量問題(ti)(ti)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)安全運行有直接(jie)(jie)影響。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)及其附件、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)三頭(tou)的(de)制作很(hen)容(rong)易出(chu)現質量問題(ti)(ti)，例如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)會(hui)因為(wei)運輸、貯藏(zang)時封閉不嚴而(er)受潮；絕緣管制造(zao)粗(cu)糙，厚度(du)不均，管內(nei)有氣(qi)泡；不能準確剝切預制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)三頭(tou)；設計(ji)制作者沒有根據要求制造(zao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)接(jie)(jie)頭(tou)。另(ling)外，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)產(chan)品設計(ji)時材(cai)料選用不恰當、防水性差也會(hui)造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)質量問題(ti)(ti)。

這種護套可確保電纜在運動時，其芯線不會松開。原因是該護套是通過特別大的壓力擠壓而成，它就像是一個導向槽，對芯線的運動起到了導向作用，同時還起到了支撐作用。因而非常適用于拖鏈。江西電纜