江西金字電纜有限公司是一家是集研發、設計、生產電線電纜的高科技現代化企業。生產和開發的主要產品有：拖鏈電纜、高柔性耐彎曲電纜、電氣裝備用電線電纜、數據傳輸用電纜、控制電纜、高柔性拖鏈電纜、伺服定制類電纜、起重機械移動場合用柔性扁電纜、電梯隨行電纜、移動場合專用視頻電纜、橡套電纜、硅橡膠電纜、通訊電纜（計算機電纜、同軸電纜、總線電纜）、特種電纜（擴音電纜、綜合電纜、斗輪機電纜、拖拽電纜）電力電纜等。

根據國家標準的(de)(de)相關規定，電線電纜的(de)(de)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)項目(mu)主要(yao)包括電性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)和機(ji)械性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)兩(liang)個方面的(de)(de)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)，其中(zhong)電性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)主要(yao)有直(zhi)流電阻檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)、絕緣電阻檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)及(ji)工頻耐壓檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)等方面的(de)(de)內(nei)容。

（一）直流電阻檢測。

相關國(guo)家標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)中有明確的(de)(de)(de)規定：電(dian)線(xian)電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)(de)直流電(dian)阻(zu)須(xu)以(yi)每(mei)千(qian)米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)導體電(dian)阻(zu)作為(wei)比(bi)較的(de)(de)(de)基準(zhun)(zhun)，所測(ce)得的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)線(xian)電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)(de)直流電(dian)阻(zu)數(shu)(shu)據須(xu)先換算成(cheng)20℃的(de)(de)(de)溫度下每(mei)千(qian)米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)直流電(dian)阻(zu)值(zhi)。將測(ce)得的(de)(de)(de)直流電(dian)阻(zu)數(shu)(shu)值(zhi)換算成(cheng)20℃條件下的(de)(de)(de)直流電(dian)阻(zu)值(zhi)后，其數(shu)(shu)值(zhi)若(ruo)小于規定的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)值(zhi)，那(nei)么該電(dian)線(xian)電(dian)纜(lan)樣品(pin)即為(wei)合格(ge)產品(pin)，反之(zhi)則屬于不合格(ge)產品(pin)。

目(mu)前國內相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)部門通(tong)常采(cai)(cai)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋法(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)兩種方法(fa)(fa)(fa)來測定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)測量(liang)范圍比較窄，可分單(dan)臂電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋法(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)雙(shuang)臂電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋法(fa)(fa)(fa)，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值約為(wei)(wei)1Ω以(yi)上時采(cai)(cai)用(yong)單(dan)臂電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋法(fa)(fa)(fa)；當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值小于1Ω時則采(cai)(cai)用(yong)雙(shuang)臂電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橋法(fa)(fa)(fa)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)又稱為(wei)(wei)微歐(ou)計法(fa)(fa)(fa)，其原理是根(gen)據(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值的(de)(de)(de)大小，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)恒流(liu)源輸出(chu)不同的(de)(de)(de)恒定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，然后測量(liang)被測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)兩端的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，所(suo)測得的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據(ju)按(an)照歐(ou)姆定(ding)律運(yun)算(suan)即可得出(chu)所(suo)測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)可以(yi)輸出(chu)不同的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，因(yin)而其測量(liang)范圍相(xiang)(xiang)對較寬。

（二）絕緣電(dian)阻檢測。

電(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)絕(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)值(zhi)(zhi)須換算(suan)(suan)成(cheng)每千米的(de)(de)絕(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)，與(yu)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)所不同的(de)(de)是，絕(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)長度成(cheng)反比(bi)；低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)絕(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)時的(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)有100V、250V、500V和(he)1000V四(si)種，其中100V和(he)500V的(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)在質檢(jian)(jian)部門檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)時使(shi)用比(bi)較廣泛；所測(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)長度無明確規(gui)定(ding)，但為(wei)了測(ce)(ce)量(liang)和(he)計算(suan)(suan)方便，一般取10m進(jin)行測(ce)(ce)量(liang)。測(ce)(ce)量(liang)前的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間(jian)一般為(wei)1分鐘。

電(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)(de)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)檢測(ce)一(yi)般采(cai)用電(dian)(dian)壓–電(dian)(dian)流法，又稱為(wei)高阻(zu)(zu)計(ji)法。有的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)具有金(jin)屬(shu)保(bao)護套，有一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)屏(ping)蔽功能，對于這種電(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)(de)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)測(ce)量(liang)大多測(ce)量(liang)導體對金(jin)屬(shu)套或屏(ping)蔽層或鎧(kai)裝層之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)；而對于無金(jin)屬(shu)護套的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，測(ce)量(liang)其絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值時，須(xu)先將所測(ce)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)浸入水(shui)中，然后測(ce)導體與水(shui)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)，且檢測(ce)時所測(ce)試樣須(xu)保(bao)持與水(shui)溫的(de)(de)(de)配套。

國內目(mu)前開發(fa)了一(yi)種直流電(dian)阻絕緣電(dian)阻測(ce)試儀(yi)(yi)ZZJ—3D，該測(ce)試儀(yi)(yi)操作簡單，測(ce)量(liang)全過程可由計算機控制(zhi)，度(du)和(he)穩(wen)定性都(dou)遠高于傳(chuan)統的檢測(ce)設備(bei)。

（三）工頻耐壓檢測(ce)。

工(gong)頻耐(nai)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)一般采(cai)用(yong)交(jiao)流電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)進行(xing)檢測。國家標準規定：所用(yong)交(jiao)流電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)因為(wei)(wei)頻率在49Hz～61Hz之(zhi)間的近(jin)似正弦波(bo)；對(dui)于電(dian)線電(dian)纜(lan)額(e)定電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)450/750V的產品(pin)，當絕緣(yuan)厚度≦0.6mm時采(cai)用(yong)1500V高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)；當絕緣(yuan)厚度≧0.6mm時采(cai)用(yong)2000V高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，加(jia)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)5分鐘(zhong)，若(ruo)所測電(dian)線電(dian)纜(lan)試樣不發生擊穿或閃絡即為(wei)(wei)合(he)格產品(pin)，反之(zhi)則不合(he)格。比如，有(you)種規格為(wei)(wei)60227IEC 53（RVV）300/500V3×2.5的樣品(pin)需要(yao)(yao)打耐(nai)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，那么(me)我們就要(yao)(yao)把(ba)di一芯接(jie)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)對(dui)水(shui)，接(jie)著把(ba)第(di)2芯接(jie)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)對(dui)水(shui)，然后把(ba)第(di)3芯接(jie)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)對(dui)水(shui)，后需要(yao)(yao)全部3芯接(jie)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)對(dui)水(shui)各打1次耐(nai)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，總共(gong)需要(yao)(yao)打4次耐(nai)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。

（四）機(ji)械性能檢測(ce)。

機械(xie)性能(neng)主要是指電(dian)(dian)(dian)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜老化前后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)拉力(li)大(da)(da)小。相關國家標準規定：使用(yong)(yong)強制(zhi)通風老化箱(xiang)制(zhi)取老化后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜試樣(yang)，檢測(ce)(ce)(ce)時(shi)取樣(yang)應(ying)盡可(ke)能(neng)靠近未老化的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分。機械(xie)性能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)檢測(ce)(ce)(ce)一(yi)般直接采用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)拉力(li)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)儀(yi)器進(jin)行測(ce)(ce)(ce)定。先用(yong)(yong)測(ce)(ce)(ce)厚(hou)儀(yi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)定所測(ce)(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜中間部(bu)位的(de)(de)(de)寬度和(he)厚(hou)度，然后(hou)將試樣(yang)放在鼓風干(gan)燥(zao)箱(xiang)中人工老化，再用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)拉力(li)機進(jin)行測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)，記錄電(dian)(dian)(dian)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜拉伸斷裂時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)伸長(chang)距離和(he)大(da)(da)抗(kang)拉應(ying)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)小，用(yong)(yong)所得(de)數據就可(ke)計算出所測(ce)(ce)(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜老化前后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)張強度和(he)斷裂伸長(chang)率，與該產品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)產品(pin)標準對比即可(ke)判斷其是否(fou)合格。

（五）其它檢測項目及檢測方法。

除上述主要的(de)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)項目(mu)外，還有絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)厚(hou)度(du)(du)的(de)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)、尺寸(cun)(cun)和標(biao)志(zhi)的(de)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)以及(ji)護(hu)套厚(hou)度(du)(du)的(de)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)等項目(mu)，這(zhe)些一般都可以采用(yong)一些較(jiao)為簡單(dan)的(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)儀器或人(ren)工檢(jian)查(cha)即可。絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)厚(hou)度(du)(du)是指除去絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)層上的(de)所(suo)有保護(hu)層后的(de)厚(hou)度(du)(du)，用(yong)投(tou)影儀和讀數顯(xian)微鏡測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定，將(jiang)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)數據(ju)取平均值(zhi)后與(yu)產品(pin)標(biao)準的(de)規(gui)(gui)定相比(bi)較(jiao)，所(suo)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)平均值(zhi)須(xu)大(da)于規(gui)(gui)定值(zhi)才為合(he)格(ge)(ge)(ge)產品(pin)。外形尺寸(cun)(cun)可以用(yong)投(tou)影儀或是繞包帶測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)，橢圓度(du)(du)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)方法是在圓形護(hu)套電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)同一橫(heng)截(jie)面(mian)上測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)得(de)任意(yi)兩(liang)點外徑(jing)，取其差(cha)值(zhi)，然后用(yong)差(cha)值(zhi)與(yu)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)標(biao)準規(gui)(gui)定平均外徑(jing)比(bi)不能超(chao)過15%。我國(guo)電(dian)線(xian)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)標(biao)志(zhi)的(de)不合(he)格(ge)(ge)(ge)率很高，國(guo)家(jia)標(biao)準中規(gui)(gui)定：電(dian)線(xian)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)標(biao)志(zhi)須(xu)具(ju)有連續性和耐擦性，且具(ju)有較(jiao)高的(de)清(qing)晰度(du)(du)，其中耐擦需(xu)要用(yong)醫用(yong)脫脂棉沾(zhan)酒精輕(qing)輕(qing)地(di)來回擦拭10次，印(yin)字清(qing)晰即是合(he)格(ge)(ge)(ge)。